Definition and Examples of Regionalisms in English

Regionalism is a  linguistic term for a word, expression, or pronunciation favored by speakers in a particular geographic area. Many regionalisms [in the U.S.] are relics, notes R.W. Burchfield: words brought over from Europe, chiefly the British Isles, and preserved in one area or another either because of the continuance of older ways of life in these localities, or because a particular type of English  was early established and has not been fully overlaid or undermined (Studies in Lexicography, 1987). In practice, dialect expressions and regionalisms often overlap, but the terms are not identical. Dialects  tend to be associated with groups of people while  regionalisms are  associated with geography. Numerous regionalisms can be found within a particular dialect. The largest and most authoritative collection of regionalisms in American English is the six-volume  Dictionary of American Regional English  (DARE), published between 1985 and 2013. The digital edition of DARE was launched in 2013.   Etymology From the Latin, to ruleExamples and Observations The following definitions were adapted from the  Dictionary of American Regional English.flannel cake  (n) A pancake.  (Usage: Appalachians)flea in ones ear  (n) A hint, warning, disquieting disclosure; a rebuke.  (Usage: chiefly the Northeast)mulligrubs  (n) A condition of despondency or ill temper; a vague or imaginary unwellness.  (Usage: scattered, but especially the South)nebby  (adj) Snoopy, inquisitive.  (Usage: chiefly Pennsylvania)pungle  (v) To shell out; to plunk down (money); to pay up.  (Usage: chiefly West)say-so  (n) An ice-cream cone.  (Usage: scattered)(Celeste Headlee, Regional Dictionary Tracks The Funny Things We Say. Weekend Edition on National Public Radio, June 14, 2009) Pop vs. Soda In the [American] South it’s called Coke, even when it’s Pepsi. Many in Boston say tonic. A precious few even order a fizzy drink. But the debate between those soft drink synonyms is a linguistic undercard in the nation’s carbonated war of words. The real battle: pop vs. soda. (J. Straziuso, Pop vs. Soda Debate. Associated Press, September 12, 2001) Turnpike In Delaware, a turnpike refers to any highway, but in Florida, a turnpike is a toll road. (T. Boyle, The Gremlins of Grammar. McGraw-Hill, 2007) Sack and Poke Sack and poke were both originally regional terms for bag. Sack has since become a Standard term like bag, but poke remains regional, mainly in South Midland Regional dialect. (Kenneth Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, 1993) Regionalism in England What some call a roll, others call a bun, or a cob, or a bap, or a bannock, while in other areas [of England] more than one of these words is used with different meanings for each.(Peter Trudgill, The Dialects of England. Wiley, 1999)How do you make your tea? If you come from Yorkshire you probably ‘mash’ it, but people in Cornwall are more likely to ‘steep’ it or ‘soak’ it and southerners often ‘wet’ their tea.(Leeds Reporter, March 1998) Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) As chief editor of the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE), a massive effort to collect and record local differences in American English, I spend my days researching the countless examples of regional words and phrases and trying to track their origins. Launched in 1965 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the project is based on thousands of interviews, newspapers, government records, novels, letters, and diaries. . . .[E]ven as we near the finish line, I encounter a common misperception: people seem to think that American English has become homogenized, making the dictionary a catalog of differences long since flattened out by media, business, and population shifts. There’s a grain of truth to that. Certain regional terms have been weakened by commercial influences, like Subway’s sub sandwich, which seems to be nibbling away at hero, hoagie, and grinder. It’s also true that strangers tend to talk to each other in a somewhat homogeneous voca bulary, and that more Americans are moving away from their linguistic homes as they relocate for school, work, or love.But DARE’s research shows that American English is as varied as ever. The language is diversified by immigration, of course, but also people’s creative license and the resilient nature of local dialects. We have dozens of ways to refer to a remote place, for instance, including the boonies, the sticks, the tules, the puckerbrush, and the willywags. The proverbial village idiot, in such a place, might still be described as unfit to carry guts to a bear or pour piss out of a boot. If his condition is temporary, a Southerner might call him swimmy-headed, meaning dizzy. And if his home is dirty, a Northeasterner might call it skeevy, an adaptation of schifare, the Italian verb to disgust.As these examples suggest, the regionalisms that persist are often not those we learn from books or teachers or newspapers; they are the words we use with friends and fami ly, the phrases we’ve known forever and never questioned until someone from away remarked on them.  (Joan Houston Hall, How to Speak American. Newsweek, August 9, 2010) Regionalisms in the American South Vocabulary is . . . strikingly different in various parts of the South. Nowhere but in the Deep South is the Indian-derived bobbasheely, which William Faulkner employed in The Reivers, used for a very close friend, and only in Northern Maryland does manniporchia (from the Latin mania a potu, craziness from drink) [mean] the D.T.s (delirium tremens). Small tomatoes would be called tommytoes in the mountains (tommy-toes in East Texas, salad tomatoes in the plains area, and cherry tomatoes along the coast). Depending on where you are in the South, a large porch can be a veranda, piazza, or gallery; a burlap bag can be a tow sack, crocus sack, or grass sack; pancakes can be flittercakes, fritters, corncakes, or battercakes; a harmonica can be a mouth organ or french harp; a closet can be a closet or a locker; and a wishbone can be a wishbone or pulley bone. There are hundreds of synonyms for a cling peach (green peach, pickle peach, etc.), kindling wood (lightning wood, lighted knots) an d a rural resident (snuff chewer, kicker, yahoo).  (Robert Hendrickson, The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. Facts on File, 2000) Pronunciation: REE-juh-na-LIZ-um

Lack Of National And International Policy Agreements...

Lack of national and international policy agreements towards global warming worsens the environment in which polar bears live. Climate change and global warming have become significant issues environmentally. Although humans suffer greatly, there is a greater risk on our world’s wildlife. It is evident that there is a lack of interest towards wildlife when it comes to global warming. The human population is an obvious worry. Seeing as wildlife does not get as much attention, it is possible that some of these animals may go extinct. Polar bears (Ursus Maritimus) are carnivores in wildlife that live in the arctic. As global warming expands, the Arctic is having a difficult time remaining cold. Polar bears have severely declined over the†¦show more content†¦Polar bears also use the sea ice as a resting place or a place to give birth. As global warming is increasing, the sea ice is melting from being in a hot and rainy climate. Therefore, polar bears are having trouble l ocating food to eat. One of the main reasons why polar bears do not have the food necessary to satisfy could be because of the over population of polar bears during the hot climate. (Stirling Parkinson, 2006) Granted that there is not much food for the bears, when there is food, most of them must fight over it because of its limited amounts. When polar bears cannot find any food near the sea ice, they are forced to look further in order to survive. If global warming worsens, it is possible that polar bears will go extinct. â€Å"Scientists predict that the polar bear population, currently 20,000 to 25,000, could disappear by the end of the century.† (Diane Cole, 2009) Although there are some lack of national and international policy agreements, global warming may affect not only wildlife but us humans as well. â€Å"The expert responses suggest polar bear population and range will undergo significant declines by 2050 under SRES A1B.† (O’Neill, Osborn, Hulme, Lo renzoni Watkinson, 2008) A study was done to show empirical evidence about polar bear body mass and weight to see how long polar bears can survive without food. The study concluded that the earlier in the year that the climate gets hotter, the longer the polar bears suffer. (McCarthy, 2015)

Workplace Law for ACE Insurance Limited - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theWorkplace Law for ACE Insurance Limited. Answer: Issue According to the case studies the issue has been arises whether Amanda is an employee or an independent contractor and she can recover her injury for her effective dismissal? Rules The employee is person who works for the employer for the exchange of wages, salary. Employees work for individually. They can also work as per some contract which can be written or verbally as per the terms of the employment. When someone gets the employment under the employment contract then they are bound to follow their duties and rights. Independent contractor is a person who works for another person on the controls by that person where the processes and methods are all followed under an employment agreement. The agreement has formed under some mutual contract binding. FAIR WORK OMBUDSMAN v LU'S HEALTHCARE PTY LTD ANOR [2016] In this case the court has found that the under the section of 45 F Fair Work Commission has set the minimum of time period where the employees are hourly ate f [ay and the defendant has failed to pay the amount as per the act. The principal contractor also failed to pay tea out to the employees. Pirie Street Stage 1 P/L v Trotman Anor and Stewart ORS [2015] SADC 123 is another case where a general contractual agreement has been made where the terms of the contract as been breached and the defendant also apply for the defense for himself. Third parties appointed by plaintiff to introduce potential purchasers for which they would be paid a commission. Subcontractor is the part of any contract where the terms of the agreement has been made with the mutual consent of the both parties Euphoria completely aware about the terms which has been they accepted and as soon as the terms define no intention to create illegal relationship then it will considered as a contract when both the parties have equal responsibility to do to their duties. Stevens v Broadribb Sawmilling Co Pty (1986) is A FAMOUS CASE OF Astralia where the court has stated the facts about the control test and business integrity test for the development of the employment status for the employees. Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (t/as Crisis Couriers)(2001) is a case which has consist of the facts where the court has provided the order about whether the person is an employee or an independent contractor. Therefore the test of the business integrity has been defined in this case. In the case of ACE Insurance Limited v Trifunovski [2013] the court has determined and investigate the defendant has been employed the plaintiff as an independent contractor but he has failed to satisfy the terms. According to the terms of the contract if any contract has been breached or terminated due to the any valid reason then legal action can be taken against the plaintiff or defendant who is liable for the actions in this matter if it has found that any of them as level for the cause of one of them hold the responsibility therefore the compensation are also claimed for the breach of the terms of the contract. Application Monks Pty. Ltd., a television production company, chooses Amanda to act in a new serial being produced. Before she commences work she signs a contract that says she will fill a central role in the serial and must be prepared to work at all times but that there is no guarantee of any continued work and that she is free to accept work from other production companies. Therefore according to the case study Amanda is a subcontractor who got the job under contractual agreement where she supposed to follow the terms. Now the director has behaved wrongly with her which is unethical to the contract. Therefore she can take legal action such unethical behavior where she claims for the compensation against the director. Conclusion Amanda can claim the compensation. The director is bound to follow the terms of the contract which he has made with Amanda about the work in his television company. Before the period is over of the contract he never terminate the terms of the contract. Therefore he has breached the contract and against of the terms of contract. He is bound to compensate Amanda for the termination the contract. Issue According to the case studies the issue has been arises whether Ken can argue that the last on / first off rule forms part of his contract and that he should therefore not be made redundant before Bob or not? Rules Under the Fair Work Commission the last on, first off rule has applied where it made an Agreement where the employees get the parental leave along with the payment in their working limits. It only occurs when the employee has does not need employees job to be done by anyone or that employee becomes bankrupt. In the business the redundancy only happen when the company formed or introduces new technology or they slow down their sales or production or the business get closed and relocates the overseas or them takeover about the restructures. In the case of James v Royal Bank of Scotland (2015) the court has found that a redundancy policy has been introduces for 6 years after the period of the employees were retrenched. The employer declined to pay the employee the redundancy pay. It offered to pay an ex gratia payment if the employee signed a broad deed of release. The employee refused to sign the deed of release and was therefore not paid the ex gratia payment. Australian Iron Steel Pty Ltd v Banovic (1989) is another case where the "last on-first off" test has been determined where the policy of this test has not applied in the fact of discrimination. Transport Industry - Redundancy (State) Contract Determination [2007] is another case where the workers union has claimed for minimum redundancy standards which have been carried by the principal contractor. Telstra Corporation Ltd v Keen [2005] is another case where applicant entitled to payment of compensation for incapacity for the redundancy amount the compensation payable to be reduced under s 33(1) of the Act the nature of redundancy payments. Under the Fair Work Act 2009 (CTH) has affected the redundancy terms for the employees where they are entitled to the redundancy payment. Under section 123(1)(c) of the act the general employees are basically not entitled to the redundancy payment. An employer must provide the written notice of the payment of the dismissal or redundancy to the employee. Unless the same or greater entitlements are provided for in an award, contract or agreement, notice pay on termination is covered by the National Employment Standards (NES) according to the section of 117 and 118 Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Application According to the case facts an employer must provide the written notice of the payment of the dismissal or redundancy to the employee. Unless the same or greater entitlements are provided for in an award, contract or agreement, notice pay on termination is covered by the National Employment Standards (NES) according to the section of 117 and 118 Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Therefore Ken is entitled to claim the redundancy amount from Bob. Though there s no mentioned terms about the redundancy amount but he has right to claim the amount according to the last and first off rules. Conclusion Therefore according to the case facts it can be concluded that Ken is entitled to claim the redundancy amount from Bob. Reference ACE Insurance Limited v Trifunovski [2013] FCAFC 3 Australian Iron Steel Pty Ltd v Banovic (1989) 168 CLR 165 FAIR WORK OMBUDSMAN v LU'S HEALTHCARE PTY LTD ANOR [2016] FCCA 506 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (t/as Crisis Couriers) (2001) 207 CLR 21 James v Royal Bank of Scotland (2015) PIRIE STREET STAGE 1 P/L v TROTMAN ANOR AND STEWART ORS [2015] SADC 123 Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd [1986] HCA 1 Telstra Corporation Ltd v Keen [2005] FCAFC 195 Transport Industry - Redundancy (State) Contract Determination [2007] NSWIRComm 183

Critical accounting theory Essay Example For Students

Critical accounting theory Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Philosophic grounds3 Practical grounds4 Example theories5 Theory 1: Positive accounting theory6 Theory 2. Critical accounting theory7 Mentions Introduction There are several grounds there is no 1 universally accepted theory of accounting. The grounds are of two kinds. The first is philosophical. The 2nd is practical. This essay discusses each of these. It so provides illustrations from accounting theory. Philosophic grounds The statement There is no universally accepted accounting theory is true by definition. Scientific apprehension of the term theory denies that any theory can be universally accepted. Harmonizing to Popper ( e.g. , 2002a, 2002b ) , theories are speculations that are put to the trial. If they are refuted by the trial, they are either rejected or refined. If they are non refuted, they remain theories ( non facts ) . They are so set to farther trials, and are farther refined. In order for this to continue, there must be rival theories. In this manner, theories compete in a procedure of Darwinian choice. The theories neer get to the truth , but they get increasingly closer. This is the first ground there is no universally accepted theory of accounting. If there were a universally recognized theory of accounting, it would nt be a theory. It would be something else. Notice that, harmonizing to Popper, no theory of all time arrives at certain cognition. The best any theory can make is restrict ignorance. Furthermore, if scientists were to detect a true theory , there would be no manner they could cognize it was true, so at that place would still be viing theories. This last point demands amplification. G A ; ouml ; del s rawness theorems ( see, e.g. , Hofstadter, 1979 ) demonstrate that, in any system of logic rich plenty to incorporate formal arithmetic there exists an infinite figure of statements that are true but that are impossible, in rule, for the system to cognize to be true. This means, in practical footings, that in any complex system-for illustration, an economic system-there exist solutions to jobs that are known by the system, but are non known by any person within it. This is appreciated by taking economic experts ( e.g. , Hayek, 1979 ) . Further, given that there exist normally boundlessly more incorrect solutions to jobs than right solutions to jobs, any effort to work out such jobs by diktat is boundlessly more likely to take to failure than to success. As respects economic sciences, this led Hayek ( 1944 ) to his bridal of the free market. As respects theory in scientific discipline, it means that any effort to enforce a i ndividual theory on anything is likely to take to a earnestly incorrect theory. This is another ground for believing there can be no universally accepted theory of accounting. Any universally accepted theory could merely be universally accepted if it were imposed by diktat, and, if it were imposed by diktat, it would of necessity most likely be incorrect. Therefore it would give rise to a rival theory. Related to this, Feyerabend ( 1996 ) argues that there is no such thing as a individual scientific method, and that any effort to enforce one is counter-productive. Feyerabend s doctrine of scientific discipline is summarised as anything goes . This, provides another ground for there being no individual theory of accounting. If there can be no universally accepted method, there can be no universally accepted theory. There are two popular positions of scientific discipline that are in struggle with Popper s position: positivism and postmodernism. Positivism is the doctrine, associated with Ayer ( 1946 ) that says that the lone meaningful statements are those that are true by logic and those that may be verified by observation. This is the confirmation rule. The first job with the confirmation rule is that it is neither a truth of logic nor an through empirical observation verifiable fact, hence by its ain footings it is nonmeaningful. The 2nd job is that in implies science returns inductively. But inductive logic ( pulling general decisions from specific cases ) is flawed: a million observations of white swans, for illustration, does non show that all swans are white ( so, they are nt: some swans are black ) . Postmodernism is the doctrine that world is socially constructed. So what is existent to one individual may be unreal to another. At a fiddling degree, this is true, for different people see the same things in different ways. It is besides true that, historically, scientific discipline progressed in some cases by alterations in universe position, or paradigm ( Kuhn, 1996 ) . However, this is a inquiry more of the sociology of scientific discipline, non of ontology. And taken literally postmodernism is absurd. It leads to the decision that there is no such thing as world. Core Business Strategy Of Thomas Cook Commerce EssayBut the impression of H. economicus is problematic-some people are stupid, some are selfless, and so on ( Lunn, cited in Clark, 2008 ) , The EMH is besides combative. Some economic experts accept it, others do nt. The EMH is besides obscure. If the market is efficient, the EMH does nt state how long it takes to make a determination Besides, if the EMH were true, arbitrage would be impossible. The best 1 can state about the premises is that they provide an estimate of world. How good an estimate it is, cipher knows. This is another ground there is no universally accepted theory of accounting. Some people think the premises provide a good estimate ; some people think they provide a bad one. Fama and French ( 2004 ) province that markets can be inefficient and investors can be ill-informed and irrational, Merely as proprietors, authoritiess, and workers have vested involvements, so have Watts and Zimmerman. In their instance, they are interested in advancing positive accounting theory. So, in this respect, the theory has a normative facet. It concerns how accountancy research workers should pattern their trade. If all research workers follow Watts and Zimmerman s diktats, Watts and Zimmerman will go rich. Naturally, all accounting research workers want to be in Watts and Zimmerman s place, but the lone manner for them to make so is to develop a rival theory. This is another ground there is no universally accepted accounting theory. Theory 2. Critical accounting theory Critical accounting theory is nt truly a theory. It s more a manner of unfavorable judgment. It aims, non merely to change accounting pattern, but to alter society ( Gaffikin, 2008 ) . It is political. Therefore, for illustration, Laughlin ( cited in Davis, 2008 ) provinces: A critical apprehension of the function of accounting procedures and patterns and the accounting profession in the operation of society and administrations with an purpose to utilize that understanding to prosecute ( where appropriate ) in altering these procedures, patterns and the profession. In this, critical accounting theory is postmodernist. Postmodernists point to the legion defects in positive accounting theory. They highlight the failings in the constructs of H. economicus and the EMH. They point out that Watts and Zimmerman use rhetorical devices to set the positions across. They argue that the methodological analysis and mensurating instruments of rationalist theories are rough, and so on. Occasionally, they make ( or repetition ) good points ( e.g. , the EMH is wrong ) ( e.g. , Mouck, 1992 ) . As indicated, postmodernists deny the being of nonsubjective world. In making so, they deny the possibility of finding the truth, or worth, of any statement. Therefore they deny the truth, or worth, of postmodernism. This is the job with postmodernism. If world is socially constructed, so there can non be a universally recognized theory, for socially constructed world differs harmonizing to who is making the constructing. A true theory to one postmodernist is a false theory to all others. That is why there is no universally accepted theory of accounting. Mentions Ayer, A.J. ( 1946 ) . Language, truth and logic. ( 2nd ed. ) . London: Gollancz. Clark, T. ( 2008, November 1 ) . Market lunacy. The Guardian. Davis, D. ( 2008 ) . Critical accounting theory. Lecture 9. Lecture notes. Bangor Business School. Feyerabend, P. ( 1996 ) . Against method: Outline of an anarchistic theory of cognition. San Francisco, CA: Analytic Psychology Club of San Francisco, Fama, E.F. and French, A.R. ( 2004 ) . The CAPM: Theory and Evidence. On line: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.econ.sdu.edu.cn/jrtzx/uploadfile/pdf/Assetpricing/04.pdf Gaffikin, M. ( 2008 ) . Accounting theory: Research, ordinance and accounting pattern. Gallic Forest, Australia: Pearson Education. Hayek, F. A. ( 1979 ) . Unemployment and pecuniary policy. San Francisco: Cato Institute. Hayek, F. A. ( 1944 ) . The route to serfdom. London: George Routledge Hofstadter, D. ( 1979 ) . G? del, Esther, Bach: An ageless aureate plait. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Kuhn, T. ( 1996 ) . The construction of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mouck, T. ( 1992 ) . The rhetoric of scientific discipline and the rhetoric of rebellion in the narrative of positive accounting theory. Accounting Auditing, and Accountability, 5 ( 4 ) : 35-56. Popper, K. ( 2002a ) . Unended pursuit. An rational life. London: Routledge. Popper, K. ( 2002b ) . Speculations and defenses. London: Routledge. Watts, R.L. And Zimmerman, J.L. ( 1978 ) . Towards a positive theory of the finding of accounting criterions. Accounting Review, 53: 112-132.