Definition and Examples of Regionalisms in English

Regionalism is a  linguistic term for a word, expression, or pronunciation favored by speakers in a particular geographic area. Many regionalisms [in the U.S.] are relics, notes R.W. Burchfield: words brought over from Europe, chiefly the British Isles, and preserved in one area or another either because of the continuance of older ways of life in these localities, or because a particular type of English  was early established and has not been fully overlaid or undermined (Studies in Lexicography, 1987). In practice, dialect expressions and regionalisms often overlap, but the terms are not identical. Dialects  tend to be associated with groups of people while  regionalisms are  associated with geography. Numerous regionalisms can be found within a particular dialect. The largest and most authoritative collection of regionalisms in American English is the six-volume  Dictionary of American Regional English  (DARE), published between 1985 and 2013. The digital edition of DARE was launched in 2013.   Etymology From the Latin, to ruleExamples and Observations The following definitions were adapted from the  Dictionary of American Regional English.flannel cake  (n) A pancake.  (Usage: Appalachians)flea in ones ear  (n) A hint, warning, disquieting disclosure; a rebuke.  (Usage: chiefly the Northeast)mulligrubs  (n) A condition of despondency or ill temper; a vague or imaginary unwellness.  (Usage: scattered, but especially the South)nebby  (adj) Snoopy, inquisitive.  (Usage: chiefly Pennsylvania)pungle  (v) To shell out; to plunk down (money); to pay up.  (Usage: chiefly West)say-so  (n) An ice-cream cone.  (Usage: scattered)(Celeste Headlee, Regional Dictionary Tracks The Funny Things We Say. Weekend Edition on National Public Radio, June 14, 2009) Pop vs. Soda In the [American] South it’s called Coke, even when it’s Pepsi. Many in Boston say tonic. A precious few even order a fizzy drink. But the debate between those soft drink synonyms is a linguistic undercard in the nation’s carbonated war of words. The real battle: pop vs. soda. (J. Straziuso, Pop vs. Soda Debate. Associated Press, September 12, 2001) Turnpike In Delaware, a turnpike refers to any highway, but in Florida, a turnpike is a toll road. (T. Boyle, The Gremlins of Grammar. McGraw-Hill, 2007) Sack and Poke Sack and poke were both originally regional terms for bag. Sack has since become a Standard term like bag, but poke remains regional, mainly in South Midland Regional dialect. (Kenneth Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, 1993) Regionalism in England What some call a roll, others call a bun, or a cob, or a bap, or a bannock, while in other areas [of England] more than one of these words is used with different meanings for each.(Peter Trudgill, The Dialects of England. Wiley, 1999)How do you make your tea? If you come from Yorkshire you probably ‘mash’ it, but people in Cornwall are more likely to ‘steep’ it or ‘soak’ it and southerners often ‘wet’ their tea.(Leeds Reporter, March 1998) Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) As chief editor of the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE), a massive effort to collect and record local differences in American English, I spend my days researching the countless examples of regional words and phrases and trying to track their origins. Launched in 1965 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the project is based on thousands of interviews, newspapers, government records, novels, letters, and diaries. . . .[E]ven as we near the finish line, I encounter a common misperception: people seem to think that American English has become homogenized, making the dictionary a catalog of differences long since flattened out by media, business, and population shifts. There’s a grain of truth to that. Certain regional terms have been weakened by commercial influences, like Subway’s sub sandwich, which seems to be nibbling away at hero, hoagie, and grinder. It’s also true that strangers tend to talk to each other in a somewhat homogeneous voca bulary, and that more Americans are moving away from their linguistic homes as they relocate for school, work, or love.But DARE’s research shows that American English is as varied as ever. The language is diversified by immigration, of course, but also people’s creative license and the resilient nature of local dialects. We have dozens of ways to refer to a remote place, for instance, including the boonies, the sticks, the tules, the puckerbrush, and the willywags. The proverbial village idiot, in such a place, might still be described as unfit to carry guts to a bear or pour piss out of a boot. If his condition is temporary, a Southerner might call him swimmy-headed, meaning dizzy. And if his home is dirty, a Northeasterner might call it skeevy, an adaptation of schifare, the Italian verb to disgust.As these examples suggest, the regionalisms that persist are often not those we learn from books or teachers or newspapers; they are the words we use with friends and fami ly, the phrases we’ve known forever and never questioned until someone from away remarked on them.  (Joan Houston Hall, How to Speak American. Newsweek, August 9, 2010) Regionalisms in the American South Vocabulary is . . . strikingly different in various parts of the South. Nowhere but in the Deep South is the Indian-derived bobbasheely, which William Faulkner employed in The Reivers, used for a very close friend, and only in Northern Maryland does manniporchia (from the Latin mania a potu, craziness from drink) [mean] the D.T.s (delirium tremens). Small tomatoes would be called tommytoes in the mountains (tommy-toes in East Texas, salad tomatoes in the plains area, and cherry tomatoes along the coast). Depending on where you are in the South, a large porch can be a veranda, piazza, or gallery; a burlap bag can be a tow sack, crocus sack, or grass sack; pancakes can be flittercakes, fritters, corncakes, or battercakes; a harmonica can be a mouth organ or french harp; a closet can be a closet or a locker; and a wishbone can be a wishbone or pulley bone. There are hundreds of synonyms for a cling peach (green peach, pickle peach, etc.), kindling wood (lightning wood, lighted knots) an d a rural resident (snuff chewer, kicker, yahoo).  (Robert Hendrickson, The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. Facts on File, 2000) Pronunciation: REE-juh-na-LIZ-um

Lack Of National And International Policy Agreements...

Lack of national and international policy agreements towards global warming worsens the environment in which polar bears live. Climate change and global warming have become significant issues environmentally. Although humans suffer greatly, there is a greater risk on our world’s wildlife. It is evident that there is a lack of interest towards wildlife when it comes to global warming. The human population is an obvious worry. Seeing as wildlife does not get as much attention, it is possible that some of these animals may go extinct. Polar bears (Ursus Maritimus) are carnivores in wildlife that live in the arctic. As global warming expands, the Arctic is having a difficult time remaining cold. Polar bears have severely declined over the†¦show more content†¦Polar bears also use the sea ice as a resting place or a place to give birth. As global warming is increasing, the sea ice is melting from being in a hot and rainy climate. Therefore, polar bears are having trouble l ocating food to eat. One of the main reasons why polar bears do not have the food necessary to satisfy could be because of the over population of polar bears during the hot climate. (Stirling Parkinson, 2006) Granted that there is not much food for the bears, when there is food, most of them must fight over it because of its limited amounts. When polar bears cannot find any food near the sea ice, they are forced to look further in order to survive. If global warming worsens, it is possible that polar bears will go extinct. â€Å"Scientists predict that the polar bear population, currently 20,000 to 25,000, could disappear by the end of the century.† (Diane Cole, 2009) Although there are some lack of national and international policy agreements, global warming may affect not only wildlife but us humans as well. â€Å"The expert responses suggest polar bear population and range will undergo significant declines by 2050 under SRES A1B.† (O’Neill, Osborn, Hulme, Lo renzoni Watkinson, 2008) A study was done to show empirical evidence about polar bear body mass and weight to see how long polar bears can survive without food. The study concluded that the earlier in the year that the climate gets hotter, the longer the polar bears suffer. (McCarthy, 2015)

Workplace Law for ACE Insurance Limited - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theWorkplace Law for ACE Insurance Limited. Answer: Issue According to the case studies the issue has been arises whether Amanda is an employee or an independent contractor and she can recover her injury for her effective dismissal? Rules The employee is person who works for the employer for the exchange of wages, salary. Employees work for individually. They can also work as per some contract which can be written or verbally as per the terms of the employment. When someone gets the employment under the employment contract then they are bound to follow their duties and rights. Independent contractor is a person who works for another person on the controls by that person where the processes and methods are all followed under an employment agreement. The agreement has formed under some mutual contract binding. FAIR WORK OMBUDSMAN v LU'S HEALTHCARE PTY LTD ANOR [2016] In this case the court has found that the under the section of 45 F Fair Work Commission has set the minimum of time period where the employees are hourly ate f [ay and the defendant has failed to pay the amount as per the act. The principal contractor also failed to pay tea out to the employees. Pirie Street Stage 1 P/L v Trotman Anor and Stewart ORS [2015] SADC 123 is another case where a general contractual agreement has been made where the terms of the contract as been breached and the defendant also apply for the defense for himself. Third parties appointed by plaintiff to introduce potential purchasers for which they would be paid a commission. Subcontractor is the part of any contract where the terms of the agreement has been made with the mutual consent of the both parties Euphoria completely aware about the terms which has been they accepted and as soon as the terms define no intention to create illegal relationship then it will considered as a contract when both the parties have equal responsibility to do to their duties. Stevens v Broadribb Sawmilling Co Pty (1986) is A FAMOUS CASE OF Astralia where the court has stated the facts about the control test and business integrity test for the development of the employment status for the employees. Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (t/as Crisis Couriers)(2001) is a case which has consist of the facts where the court has provided the order about whether the person is an employee or an independent contractor. Therefore the test of the business integrity has been defined in this case. In the case of ACE Insurance Limited v Trifunovski [2013] the court has determined and investigate the defendant has been employed the plaintiff as an independent contractor but he has failed to satisfy the terms. According to the terms of the contract if any contract has been breached or terminated due to the any valid reason then legal action can be taken against the plaintiff or defendant who is liable for the actions in this matter if it has found that any of them as level for the cause of one of them hold the responsibility therefore the compensation are also claimed for the breach of the terms of the contract. Application Monks Pty. Ltd., a television production company, chooses Amanda to act in a new serial being produced. Before she commences work she signs a contract that says she will fill a central role in the serial and must be prepared to work at all times but that there is no guarantee of any continued work and that she is free to accept work from other production companies. Therefore according to the case study Amanda is a subcontractor who got the job under contractual agreement where she supposed to follow the terms. Now the director has behaved wrongly with her which is unethical to the contract. Therefore she can take legal action such unethical behavior where she claims for the compensation against the director. Conclusion Amanda can claim the compensation. The director is bound to follow the terms of the contract which he has made with Amanda about the work in his television company. Before the period is over of the contract he never terminate the terms of the contract. Therefore he has breached the contract and against of the terms of contract. He is bound to compensate Amanda for the termination the contract. Issue According to the case studies the issue has been arises whether Ken can argue that the last on / first off rule forms part of his contract and that he should therefore not be made redundant before Bob or not? Rules Under the Fair Work Commission the last on, first off rule has applied where it made an Agreement where the employees get the parental leave along with the payment in their working limits. It only occurs when the employee has does not need employees job to be done by anyone or that employee becomes bankrupt. In the business the redundancy only happen when the company formed or introduces new technology or they slow down their sales or production or the business get closed and relocates the overseas or them takeover about the restructures. In the case of James v Royal Bank of Scotland (2015) the court has found that a redundancy policy has been introduces for 6 years after the period of the employees were retrenched. The employer declined to pay the employee the redundancy pay. It offered to pay an ex gratia payment if the employee signed a broad deed of release. The employee refused to sign the deed of release and was therefore not paid the ex gratia payment. Australian Iron Steel Pty Ltd v Banovic (1989) is another case where the "last on-first off" test has been determined where the policy of this test has not applied in the fact of discrimination. Transport Industry - Redundancy (State) Contract Determination [2007] is another case where the workers union has claimed for minimum redundancy standards which have been carried by the principal contractor. Telstra Corporation Ltd v Keen [2005] is another case where applicant entitled to payment of compensation for incapacity for the redundancy amount the compensation payable to be reduced under s 33(1) of the Act the nature of redundancy payments. Under the Fair Work Act 2009 (CTH) has affected the redundancy terms for the employees where they are entitled to the redundancy payment. Under section 123(1)(c) of the act the general employees are basically not entitled to the redundancy payment. An employer must provide the written notice of the payment of the dismissal or redundancy to the employee. Unless the same or greater entitlements are provided for in an award, contract or agreement, notice pay on termination is covered by the National Employment Standards (NES) according to the section of 117 and 118 Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Application According to the case facts an employer must provide the written notice of the payment of the dismissal or redundancy to the employee. Unless the same or greater entitlements are provided for in an award, contract or agreement, notice pay on termination is covered by the National Employment Standards (NES) according to the section of 117 and 118 Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Therefore Ken is entitled to claim the redundancy amount from Bob. Though there s no mentioned terms about the redundancy amount but he has right to claim the amount according to the last and first off rules. Conclusion Therefore according to the case facts it can be concluded that Ken is entitled to claim the redundancy amount from Bob. Reference ACE Insurance Limited v Trifunovski [2013] FCAFC 3 Australian Iron Steel Pty Ltd v Banovic (1989) 168 CLR 165 FAIR WORK OMBUDSMAN v LU'S HEALTHCARE PTY LTD ANOR [2016] FCCA 506 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (t/as Crisis Couriers) (2001) 207 CLR 21 James v Royal Bank of Scotland (2015) PIRIE STREET STAGE 1 P/L v TROTMAN ANOR AND STEWART ORS [2015] SADC 123 Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd [1986] HCA 1 Telstra Corporation Ltd v Keen [2005] FCAFC 195 Transport Industry - Redundancy (State) Contract Determination [2007] NSWIRComm 183

Critical accounting theory Essay Example For Students

Critical accounting theory Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Philosophic grounds3 Practical grounds4 Example theories5 Theory 1: Positive accounting theory6 Theory 2. Critical accounting theory7 Mentions Introduction There are several grounds there is no 1 universally accepted theory of accounting. The grounds are of two kinds. The first is philosophical. The 2nd is practical. This essay discusses each of these. It so provides illustrations from accounting theory. Philosophic grounds The statement There is no universally accepted accounting theory is true by definition. Scientific apprehension of the term theory denies that any theory can be universally accepted. Harmonizing to Popper ( e.g. , 2002a, 2002b ) , theories are speculations that are put to the trial. If they are refuted by the trial, they are either rejected or refined. If they are non refuted, they remain theories ( non facts ) . They are so set to farther trials, and are farther refined. In order for this to continue, there must be rival theories. In this manner, theories compete in a procedure of Darwinian choice. The theories neer get to the truth , but they get increasingly closer. This is the first ground there is no universally accepted theory of accounting. If there were a universally recognized theory of accounting, it would nt be a theory. It would be something else. Notice that, harmonizing to Popper, no theory of all time arrives at certain cognition. The best any theory can make is restrict ignorance. Furthermore, if scientists were to detect a true theory , there would be no manner they could cognize it was true, so at that place would still be viing theories. This last point demands amplification. G A ; ouml ; del s rawness theorems ( see, e.g. , Hofstadter, 1979 ) demonstrate that, in any system of logic rich plenty to incorporate formal arithmetic there exists an infinite figure of statements that are true but that are impossible, in rule, for the system to cognize to be true. This means, in practical footings, that in any complex system-for illustration, an economic system-there exist solutions to jobs that are known by the system, but are non known by any person within it. This is appreciated by taking economic experts ( e.g. , Hayek, 1979 ) . Further, given that there exist normally boundlessly more incorrect solutions to jobs than right solutions to jobs, any effort to work out such jobs by diktat is boundlessly more likely to take to failure than to success. As respects economic sciences, this led Hayek ( 1944 ) to his bridal of the free market. As respects theory in scientific discipline, it means that any effort to enforce a i ndividual theory on anything is likely to take to a earnestly incorrect theory. This is another ground for believing there can be no universally accepted theory of accounting. Any universally accepted theory could merely be universally accepted if it were imposed by diktat, and, if it were imposed by diktat, it would of necessity most likely be incorrect. Therefore it would give rise to a rival theory. Related to this, Feyerabend ( 1996 ) argues that there is no such thing as a individual scientific method, and that any effort to enforce one is counter-productive. Feyerabend s doctrine of scientific discipline is summarised as anything goes . This, provides another ground for there being no individual theory of accounting. If there can be no universally accepted method, there can be no universally accepted theory. There are two popular positions of scientific discipline that are in struggle with Popper s position: positivism and postmodernism. Positivism is the doctrine, associated with Ayer ( 1946 ) that says that the lone meaningful statements are those that are true by logic and those that may be verified by observation. This is the confirmation rule. The first job with the confirmation rule is that it is neither a truth of logic nor an through empirical observation verifiable fact, hence by its ain footings it is nonmeaningful. The 2nd job is that in implies science returns inductively. But inductive logic ( pulling general decisions from specific cases ) is flawed: a million observations of white swans, for illustration, does non show that all swans are white ( so, they are nt: some swans are black ) . Postmodernism is the doctrine that world is socially constructed. So what is existent to one individual may be unreal to another. At a fiddling degree, this is true, for different people see the same things in different ways. It is besides true that, historically, scientific discipline progressed in some cases by alterations in universe position, or paradigm ( Kuhn, 1996 ) . However, this is a inquiry more of the sociology of scientific discipline, non of ontology. And taken literally postmodernism is absurd. It leads to the decision that there is no such thing as world. Core Business Strategy Of Thomas Cook Commerce EssayBut the impression of H. economicus is problematic-some people are stupid, some are selfless, and so on ( Lunn, cited in Clark, 2008 ) , The EMH is besides combative. Some economic experts accept it, others do nt. The EMH is besides obscure. If the market is efficient, the EMH does nt state how long it takes to make a determination Besides, if the EMH were true, arbitrage would be impossible. The best 1 can state about the premises is that they provide an estimate of world. How good an estimate it is, cipher knows. This is another ground there is no universally accepted theory of accounting. Some people think the premises provide a good estimate ; some people think they provide a bad one. Fama and French ( 2004 ) province that markets can be inefficient and investors can be ill-informed and irrational, Merely as proprietors, authoritiess, and workers have vested involvements, so have Watts and Zimmerman. In their instance, they are interested in advancing positive accounting theory. So, in this respect, the theory has a normative facet. It concerns how accountancy research workers should pattern their trade. If all research workers follow Watts and Zimmerman s diktats, Watts and Zimmerman will go rich. Naturally, all accounting research workers want to be in Watts and Zimmerman s place, but the lone manner for them to make so is to develop a rival theory. This is another ground there is no universally accepted accounting theory. Theory 2. Critical accounting theory Critical accounting theory is nt truly a theory. It s more a manner of unfavorable judgment. It aims, non merely to change accounting pattern, but to alter society ( Gaffikin, 2008 ) . It is political. Therefore, for illustration, Laughlin ( cited in Davis, 2008 ) provinces: A critical apprehension of the function of accounting procedures and patterns and the accounting profession in the operation of society and administrations with an purpose to utilize that understanding to prosecute ( where appropriate ) in altering these procedures, patterns and the profession. In this, critical accounting theory is postmodernist. Postmodernists point to the legion defects in positive accounting theory. They highlight the failings in the constructs of H. economicus and the EMH. They point out that Watts and Zimmerman use rhetorical devices to set the positions across. They argue that the methodological analysis and mensurating instruments of rationalist theories are rough, and so on. Occasionally, they make ( or repetition ) good points ( e.g. , the EMH is wrong ) ( e.g. , Mouck, 1992 ) . As indicated, postmodernists deny the being of nonsubjective world. In making so, they deny the possibility of finding the truth, or worth, of any statement. Therefore they deny the truth, or worth, of postmodernism. This is the job with postmodernism. If world is socially constructed, so there can non be a universally recognized theory, for socially constructed world differs harmonizing to who is making the constructing. A true theory to one postmodernist is a false theory to all others. That is why there is no universally accepted theory of accounting. Mentions Ayer, A.J. ( 1946 ) . Language, truth and logic. ( 2nd ed. ) . London: Gollancz. Clark, T. ( 2008, November 1 ) . Market lunacy. The Guardian. Davis, D. ( 2008 ) . Critical accounting theory. Lecture 9. Lecture notes. Bangor Business School. Feyerabend, P. ( 1996 ) . Against method: Outline of an anarchistic theory of cognition. San Francisco, CA: Analytic Psychology Club of San Francisco, Fama, E.F. and French, A.R. ( 2004 ) . The CAPM: Theory and Evidence. On line: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.econ.sdu.edu.cn/jrtzx/uploadfile/pdf/Assetpricing/04.pdf Gaffikin, M. ( 2008 ) . Accounting theory: Research, ordinance and accounting pattern. Gallic Forest, Australia: Pearson Education. Hayek, F. A. ( 1979 ) . Unemployment and pecuniary policy. San Francisco: Cato Institute. Hayek, F. A. ( 1944 ) . The route to serfdom. London: George Routledge Hofstadter, D. ( 1979 ) . G? del, Esther, Bach: An ageless aureate plait. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Kuhn, T. ( 1996 ) . The construction of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mouck, T. ( 1992 ) . The rhetoric of scientific discipline and the rhetoric of rebellion in the narrative of positive accounting theory. Accounting Auditing, and Accountability, 5 ( 4 ) : 35-56. Popper, K. ( 2002a ) . Unended pursuit. An rational life. London: Routledge. Popper, K. ( 2002b ) . Speculations and defenses. London: Routledge. Watts, R.L. And Zimmerman, J.L. ( 1978 ) . Towards a positive theory of the finding of accounting criterions. Accounting Review, 53: 112-132.

Analysis of the Poem “The Second Coming” by William Butler Yeats Essay Example

Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats Essay One of the most resounding names in the discussion of 20th century literature is of the great William Butler Yeats. His works and even his biography are staple study materials for those who endeavor in literature studies. With that being said, it would also be important to study one of his greatest works. One of his best known works, also considered one of his finest, is the poem â€Å"The Second Coming.† Many artists claim that they were influenced by William Butler Yeats and this particular poem has been cited by other works of art. With that taken into consideration, many works of art by other artists can be considered offshoots of Yeats’ poem. It could also be assumed that in a way, this particular poem had somehow influence the art that we are experiencing today. This paper would attempt to present and analyze Yeats’ poem and look into the different aspects why it had become popular among poets and enthusiasts of poetry. Objectives The paper would not delve into a vicious criticism of the work at hand. The main objective would be to present the poem as not merely a poem, but a work of art that needs a deeper view and profound appreciation. Moreover, this particular poem had influenced many other artists. That would only mean that the influence of Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† would be visible in many other works of art. It is an assumption that after an analysis of the poem, we would be able to determine how it had influenced other works of art. In simpler terms, if we would try to understand the poem, we would be granted a better understanding of the poem at hand and of the other works. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is a popular notion in the world of poetry that once an author had explained his or her work, the poem is being stripped of its divine quality. It is just fortunate that the author did not design this poem in an explicit manner.   Another popular notion in the world of art is that explicitness is dangerous to any form of art. And so, setting aside those popular notions, the work at hand belongs to the genre of poetry. Poetry is often coined as the art of misleading, it often leaves the readers scratching their heads. With all of that being said, reading a review before or after tackling a poem would undeniably be of great help to readers. The author Before we traverse further in the discussion, it would be helpful to have a brief overview of the author’s background. The objective of this part follows the logic of an old saying that tells us that the fruit doesn’t fall very far from the tree. The relationship of the fruit and the tree is just the same case for poems and poets. That is because we can understand a work better if we have an idea of the person that had come up with the work. William Butler Yeats is an Irish writer born and educated in the city of Dublin. He was born on the thirteenth of June 1865, and had passed away on the twenty-eighth of January 1939. As stated in the introduction, he would be a great representative of literature during the 20th century. He had endeavored in multiple genres of literature, but the most significant ones would be in drama and poetry. As a testament to his success as a writer, he had been a recipient of the highly-coveted Nobel Prize for literature (Foster 6-27). And of course, there is the worldwide readership and his influence that has spanned generations. nbsp; The poem Since the poem is not that long, it would be better for this paper to include the poem within its contents. The inclusion of the work to be analyzed would enable us to consult the work whenever we need to. Moreover, a review of the work is undeniably essential to any analysis. The Second Coming By William Butler Yeats Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity nbsp; Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand. The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out When a vast image out of the Spiritus Mundi Troubles my sight: somewhere in the sands of the desert A shape with lion body and the head of man, A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds. The darkness drops again; but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? (Yeats 403) Brief background of the poem Yeats’ poem entitled â€Å"The Second Coming† was first printed in the American Magazine â€Å"The Dial† in November of 1920. The first printing was followed by the inclusion of the poem in Yeats’ collection of poems entitled â€Å"Michael Robartes and the Dancer† in 1921. The poem is known to be written during 1919, just after World War I. (Brown 71-72) Definition of terms The word gyre is one of the most noticeable unfamiliar terms in the poem. A gyre basically refers to a spinning vortex. The word is usually used to allude to the movements of oceanic and wind currents. Yeats had already incorporated the term in his book â€Å"A Vision†, which was published in 1925. Another term in poem that is calling attention is â€Å"spiritus mundi.† The term basically translates to the â€Å"spirit of the world.† The concept is in-line with Yeats’ belief that every mind of all individuals is somehow linked to a single vast intelligence (Foster 44) And for us to understand more of nature of some of the lines, we need to consult some works of other writers. The echoing lines in the last part of the first stanza â€Å"the best lack all conviction, while the worst / are full of passionate intensity.† It is said that those lines are in reference to the famous passages of the story Prometheus Unbound by Percy Bysshe Shelley. According to Yeats himself, during his childhood he had read Shelley’s book religiously and it had been an influence ever since (Foster 402) â€Å"The Second Coming† is of course in reference to the prophecy about second coming of Christ. This prophecy could be located in the bible specifically in the books of Matthew and the Revelations. Writing style At first glance, readers could carelessly conclude that the poem is a free-verse. The poem seemingly does not follow any rhyme scheme and meter whatsoever. But after orally reading the poem, that is when readers could easily appreciate the intricate design of the poem. If the poem â€Å"The Second Coming† would be categorized according to a sub-genre of poetry, it would belong to the â€Å"lyrical† style of poetry. As the name suggests, lyric poems is basically a kind of poetry that, just like a song, has musical qualities incorporated within it. And of course, to make a poem lyrical would mean to put rhymes for the poem to make distinct sounds. Although there are some, there are not many rhymes in the poem. In contrast to most classic poems, the number of end-rhymes was only reduced only into two in this particular poem. The few end-rhymes are: â€Å"hold† along with â€Å"world†, and although repetitive â€Å"hand† along with â€Å"hand.† Although there were only a few end-rhymes, the poem was interspersed with internal rhyming. But the internal rhyming that Yeats had done is not as technical as it sounds. He had just repeated some of the words to achieve the effect of internal rhymes. As we could observe in the poem â€Å"turning and turning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"the falcon†¦ the falconer†, â€Å"surely some revelation is at hand† / â€Å"surely the Second Coming is at hand† (Yeats 403) The overall effect to the combination of the handful of internal rhymes and the few petty end-rhymes enables the poem to sound as if there are echoes. This effect is best described by the second line â€Å"the falcon†¦ the falconer.† Brown was able to describe the effect of the poem in a more technical manner. According to him, the lack of form and the emphasis on the repetitions creates an impression to the readers that a poetry that has no form is just enough to describe the concept of â€Å"The Second Coming†Ã¢â‚¬â€as if it is just a captured dream or a recorded hallucination. (Brown 72) The rhyming is not only the element of poetry that some readers might overlook. Reading the poem only visually would not enable the reader to determine that there is an underlying metric pattern within the poem. This particular metric pattern is known as the iambic pentameter, a metric pattern that is often associated with Shakespeare and other classic poets. The iambic pentameter is basically a metric pattern commonly characterized by a line being made up of five iambic feet. Here is a rough illustration of the iambic pentameter: duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM. And now here are the lines of the poem according to the illustration of the iambic pentameter: turn ING / and TURN / ing IN / the WIDE / ning GYRE†¦ surely LY / some RE / ve LA / tion IS / at HAND. Although the iambic pentameter is one of the most fundamental and recognizable metric patterns in poetry, it is just understandable that it would be hard for some to locate it in this particular poem. The poem does not follow an iambic pentameter as its only metric pattern, the first lines of each stanza follow the metric pattern called trochee. A trochee is basically a line that consists of a stressed syllable that is followed by an unstressed syllable. Themes To analyze the poem in a technical aspect like meter and rhyme may take some time and much research. But even at the first reading, one could easily see that the poem is rich in imagery, personification, irony, exaggeration, and of course, symbolisms. Its richness as a text makes the poem a versatile piece for plain poetry enthusiasts and for those who endeavors in rigorous literature studies. Perhaps the success of the poem owes much to the fact that there are many themes that can be unearthed from the poem. It is very likely that the one of the themes that a reader could immediately assume is that the poem takes on religion. There is a considerable count of words that connote the topic of religion. Even the title alone, â€Å"The Second Coming†, already directs us to the discussion of Christ or even Christianity in general. The concept of the â€Å"Second Coming† is considered a prophecy. It was prophesized in the bible, particularly in the books of Matthew and the Revelations, that there would be a second reappearance of Christ.   This prophecy is an integral part of the Christian faith and one of the reasons why Christians follow the teachings of the church.   And just like in the bible, some also consider Yeats poem as prophetic. The form of the poem is like a prophecy of the impending randomness that we are all to experience in gyre called society. On the other hand, it could also be that Yeats is taking the side of religion as â€Å"the falcon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [Christians] â€Å"†¦cannot hear the falconer† [God]. It could be about the gradual degeneration of the level of faith of people on religion. In the phrase â€Å"the best lack conviction†, the best could be an allusion to Christians.   That is as opposed to phrase â€Å"the worst are full of passionate intensity†, in which the worst could be an allusion to non-Christians. It seems that Yeats had juxtaposed Christians to the other religions. And in his portrayal it seems that the non-Christians are having the upper hand in terms of having a â€Å"passionate intensity† with regards to faith. Moreover, the birthplace of Christ, Bethlehem, is mentioned in the last line of the poem â€Å"slouches towards Bethlehem to be born†? Many see religion as a dominant theme of the poem because Yeats is known for his fascination with the spiritual and the mythological. The words that can be associated with religion are ceremony, revelation, Spiritus Mundi, and Bethlehem. As a support for Yeats’ reputation of having a fascination for the spiritual and the mythological is the inclusion of a sphinx-like creature. This sphinx-like creature could be located in the line â€Å"a shape with lion body and the head of a man.† Yeats seems to have a fondness of mythological creatures such as the sphinx. There are many other works of Yeats that cite the sphinx. It should be taken into consideration that the sphinx is regarded as a religious icon in ancient Egypt. Aside from religion and spiritual themes, themes that take a political and societal tone are also present in the poem. The line â€Å"the falcon cannot hear the falconer† could be roughly interpreted to the subordinate cannot hear the leader.   And if the gyre is considered as a metaphor for the society, it is constantly widening. In relation to the poem, a widening gyre would mean that the spinning would be more turbulent. Yeats may have wanted to say that as time passes, the problem of the degeneration of society is getting more and more out of hand. Yeats had also seemingly stated his view of the society. The line â€Å"things fall apart, the centre cannot hold† could be alluding to the arguably degeneration of the society as it is swaying away from the old ways and adopting new ideas. But perhaps out of all the lines of the poem, the line â€Å"mere anarchy is loosed upon the world†, is the line that gives the poem a political flavor. The inclusion of the word â€Å"anarchy† alone is almost enough to lead readers to the theme of politics. If the reader would read Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† during times of political instability, the reader could even generalize that the poem is basically about revolutions, insurgencies, activists, and the likes. The first line â€Å"turning and turning in the widening gyre† could simply mean that political instability is an ongoing trend in our societies. The second line â€Å"the falconer cannot hear the falconer† refers to the constituents of the tyrannical leadership. The people are refusing to hear the falconer’s [tyrant’s] commands. But Yeats had shown in this particular poem that he could be antirevolutionary. Yeats presents the consequences of a revolution â€Å"things fall apart; the centre cannot hold.† The picture that line paints in our minds is a typical picture of revolutions. That line could trigger images of dilapidated buildings, monuments and homes. That line basically refers to the chaos that revolutions could bring. The chaos that the poem had painted would be followed by the inclusion of the word â€Å"anarchy.† Then it would all be amplified by the line â€Å"the blood-dimed tide is loosed, and everywhere.† Yeats had also expressed his view on the topic of social classes in this poem. The last lines of the first paragraph â€Å"the best lack all conviction, while the worst / are full of passionate intensity† is begging the question: who are the â€Å"best† that are lacking conviction, and who are the â€Å"worst† that are full of passionate intensity? It is not unfamiliar to us that in discussions of social classes, categories are determined as either black or white. An individual could just either be rich or poor, educated and uneducated, and other determinants of social classes. It appears that Yeats’ view is that the privileged strata of the society is lacking faith and the working-class and medium-income part of the society are full of passionate intensity. This portrayal of Yeats is a common scenario in revolutions. The privileged part of the society seem to lack conviction when radical social change is about to happen. Yeats poem would lead the reader to the irony that the poor is the more active participant in the revolutions. That is despite the poor’s depressed and financially-lacking state. It seems that the common scenario in a revolution is that the rich is just standing in the background. That is just understandable as the rich and the poor would always think differently. As the poem says it â€Å"the best lack all conviction†, they do not want any part of the revolution. A likely reason is that they do not want to take part in the revolution is that because of the nature of the word revolution. Conclusion Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† is certainly a controversial poem. Controversial not just because of it is a hybrid of free-verse and form, but also because of the themes that it generates. Nonetheless, the success of the poem is undeniable. The very evidences for that is its inclusion to many anthologies and publications. But the very testament of the poem’s success is that it continually calls controversy even up to this date. Moreover, the title â€Å"The Second Coming† is just aptly given to the poem. Just like the religious concept of the second coming of Christ, the poem also takes such mysterious quality. The â€Å"first coming† for the poem would be its first publication in 1920.   But as opposed to the religious second coming, the poem seems to reappearing again and again. It seems that the past and the future generations would still appreciate the poem for being one of the greatest poems ever written. nbsp; Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats Essay Example Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats Paper One of the most resounding names in the discussion of 20th century literature is of the great William Butler Yeats. His works and even his biography are staple study materials for those who endeavor in literature studies. With that being said, it would also be important to study one of his greatest works. One of his best known works, also considered one of his finest, is the poem â€Å"The Second Coming.† Many artists claim that they were influenced by William Butler Yeats and this particular poem has been cited by other works of art. With that taken into consideration, many works of art by other artists can be considered offshoots of Yeats’ poem. It could also be assumed that in a way, this particular poem had somehow influence the art that we are experiencing today. This paper would attempt to present and analyze Yeats’ poem and look into the different aspects why it had become popular among poets and enthusiasts of poetry. Objectives The paper would not delve into a vicious criticism of the work at hand. The main objective would be to present the poem as not merely a poem, but a work of art that needs a deeper view and profound appreciation. Moreover, this particular poem had influenced many other artists. That would only mean that the influence of Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† would be visible in many other works of art. It is an assumption that after an analysis of the poem, we would be able to determine how it had influenced other works of art. In simpler terms, if we would try to understand the poem, we would be granted a better understanding of the poem at hand and of the other works. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Poem â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is a popular notion in the world of poetry that once an author had explained his or her work, the poem is being stripped of its divine quality. It is just fortunate that the author did not design this poem in an explicit manner.   Another popular notion in the world of art is that explicitness is dangerous to any form of art. And so, setting aside those popular notions, the work at hand belongs to the genre of poetry. Poetry is often coined as the art of misleading, it often leaves the readers scratching their heads. With all of that being said, reading a review before or after tackling a poem would undeniably be of great help to readers. The author Before we traverse further in the discussion, it would be helpful to have a brief overview of the author’s background. The objective of this part follows the logic of an old saying that tells us that the fruit doesn’t fall very far from the tree. The relationship of the fruit and the tree is just the same case for poems and poets. That is because we can understand a work better if we have an idea of the person that had come up with the work. William Butler Yeats is an Irish writer born and educated in the city of Dublin. He was born on the thirteenth of June 1865, and had passed away on the twenty-eighth of January 1939. As stated in the introduction, he would be a great representative of literature during the 20th century. He had endeavored in multiple genres of literature, but the most significant ones would be in drama and poetry. As a testament to his success as a writer, he had been a recipient of the highly-coveted Nobel Prize for literature (Foster 6-27). And of course, there is the worldwide readership and his influence that has spanned generations. nbsp; The poem Since the poem is not that long, it would be better for this paper to include the poem within its contents. The inclusion of the work to be analyzed would enable us to consult the work whenever we need to. Moreover, a review of the work is undeniably essential to any analysis. The Second Coming By William Butler Yeats Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity nbsp; Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand. The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out When a vast image out of the Spiritus Mundi Troubles my sight: somewhere in the sands of the desert A shape with lion body and the head of man, A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds. The darkness drops again; but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? (Yeats 403) Brief background of the poem Yeats’ poem entitled â€Å"The Second Coming† was first printed in the American Magazine â€Å"The Dial† in November of 1920. The first printing was followed by the inclusion of the poem in Yeats’ collection of poems entitled â€Å"Michael Robartes and the Dancer† in 1921. The poem is known to be written during 1919, just after World War I. (Brown 71-72) Definition of terms The word gyre is one of the most noticeable unfamiliar terms in the poem. A gyre basically refers to a spinning vortex. The word is usually used to allude to the movements of oceanic and wind currents. Yeats had already incorporated the term in his book â€Å"A Vision†, which was published in 1925. Another term in poem that is calling attention is â€Å"spiritus mundi.† The term basically translates to the â€Å"spirit of the world.† The concept is in-line with Yeats’ belief that every mind of all individuals is somehow linked to a single vast intelligence (Foster 44) And for us to understand more of nature of some of the lines, we need to consult some works of other writers. The echoing lines in the last part of the first stanza â€Å"the best lack all conviction, while the worst / are full of passionate intensity.† It is said that those lines are in reference to the famous passages of the story Prometheus Unbound by Percy Bysshe Shelley. According to Yeats himself, during his childhood he had read Shelley’s book religiously and it had been an influence ever since (Foster 402) â€Å"The Second Coming† is of course in reference to the prophecy about second coming of Christ. This prophecy could be located in the bible specifically in the books of Matthew and the Revelations. Writing style At first glance, readers could carelessly conclude that the poem is a free-verse. The poem seemingly does not follow any rhyme scheme and meter whatsoever. But after orally reading the poem, that is when readers could easily appreciate the intricate design of the poem. If the poem â€Å"The Second Coming† would be categorized according to a sub-genre of poetry, it would belong to the â€Å"lyrical† style of poetry. As the name suggests, lyric poems is basically a kind of poetry that, just like a song, has musical qualities incorporated within it. And of course, to make a poem lyrical would mean to put rhymes for the poem to make distinct sounds. Although there are some, there are not many rhymes in the poem. In contrast to most classic poems, the number of end-rhymes was only reduced only into two in this particular poem. The few end-rhymes are: â€Å"hold† along with â€Å"world†, and although repetitive â€Å"hand† along with â€Å"hand.† Although there were only a few end-rhymes, the poem was interspersed with internal rhyming. But the internal rhyming that Yeats had done is not as technical as it sounds. He had just repeated some of the words to achieve the effect of internal rhymes. As we could observe in the poem â€Å"turning and turning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"the falcon†¦ the falconer†, â€Å"surely some revelation is at hand† / â€Å"surely the Second Coming is at hand† (Yeats 403) The overall effect to the combination of the handful of internal rhymes and the few petty end-rhymes enables the poem to sound as if there are echoes. This effect is best described by the second line â€Å"the falcon†¦ the falconer.† Brown was able to describe the effect of the poem in a more technical manner. According to him, the lack of form and the emphasis on the repetitions creates an impression to the readers that a poetry that has no form is just enough to describe the concept of â€Å"The Second Coming†Ã¢â‚¬â€as if it is just a captured dream or a recorded hallucination. (Brown 72) The rhyming is not only the element of poetry that some readers might overlook. Reading the poem only visually would not enable the reader to determine that there is an underlying metric pattern within the poem. This particular metric pattern is known as the iambic pentameter, a metric pattern that is often associated with Shakespeare and other classic poets. The iambic pentameter is basically a metric pattern commonly characterized by a line being made up of five iambic feet. Here is a rough illustration of the iambic pentameter: duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM / duh DUM. And now here are the lines of the poem according to the illustration of the iambic pentameter: turn ING / and TURN / ing IN / the WIDE / ning GYRE†¦ surely LY / some RE / ve LA / tion IS / at HAND. Although the iambic pentameter is one of the most fundamental and recognizable metric patterns in poetry, it is just understandable that it would be hard for some to locate it in this particular poem. The poem does not follow an iambic pentameter as its only metric pattern, the first lines of each stanza follow the metric pattern called trochee. A trochee is basically a line that consists of a stressed syllable that is followed by an unstressed syllable. Themes To analyze the poem in a technical aspect like meter and rhyme may take some time and much research. But even at the first reading, one could easily see that the poem is rich in imagery, personification, irony, exaggeration, and of course, symbolisms. Its richness as a text makes the poem a versatile piece for plain poetry enthusiasts and for those who endeavors in rigorous literature studies. Perhaps the success of the poem owes much to the fact that there are many themes that can be unearthed from the poem. It is very likely that the one of the themes that a reader could immediately assume is that the poem takes on religion. There is a considerable count of words that connote the topic of religion. Even the title alone, â€Å"The Second Coming†, already directs us to the discussion of Christ or even Christianity in general. The concept of the â€Å"Second Coming† is considered a prophecy. It was prophesized in the bible, particularly in the books of Matthew and the Revelations, that there would be a second reappearance of Christ.   This prophecy is an integral part of the Christian faith and one of the reasons why Christians follow the teachings of the church.   And just like in the bible, some also consider Yeats poem as prophetic. The form of the poem is like a prophecy of the impending randomness that we are all to experience in gyre called society. On the other hand, it could also be that Yeats is taking the side of religion as â€Å"the falcon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [Christians] â€Å"†¦cannot hear the falconer† [God]. It could be about the gradual degeneration of the level of faith of people on religion. In the phrase â€Å"the best lack conviction†, the best could be an allusion to Christians.   That is as opposed to phrase â€Å"the worst are full of passionate intensity†, in which the worst could be an allusion to non-Christians. It seems that Yeats had juxtaposed Christians to the other religions. And in his portrayal it seems that the non-Christians are having the upper hand in terms of having a â€Å"passionate intensity† with regards to faith. Moreover, the birthplace of Christ, Bethlehem, is mentioned in the last line of the poem â€Å"slouches towards Bethlehem to be born†? Many see religion as a dominant theme of the poem because Yeats is known for his fascination with the spiritual and the mythological. The words that can be associated with religion are ceremony, revelation, Spiritus Mundi, and Bethlehem. As a support for Yeats’ reputation of having a fascination for the spiritual and the mythological is the inclusion of a sphinx-like creature. This sphinx-like creature could be located in the line â€Å"a shape with lion body and the head of a man.† Yeats seems to have a fondness of mythological creatures such as the sphinx. There are many other works of Yeats that cite the sphinx. It should be taken into consideration that the sphinx is regarded as a religious icon in ancient Egypt. Aside from religion and spiritual themes, themes that take a political and societal tone are also present in the poem. The line â€Å"the falcon cannot hear the falconer† could be roughly interpreted to the subordinate cannot hear the leader.   And if the gyre is considered as a metaphor for the society, it is constantly widening. In relation to the poem, a widening gyre would mean that the spinning would be more turbulent. Yeats may have wanted to say that as time passes, the problem of the degeneration of society is getting more and more out of hand. Yeats had also seemingly stated his view of the society. The line â€Å"things fall apart, the centre cannot hold† could be alluding to the arguably degeneration of the society as it is swaying away from the old ways and adopting new ideas. But perhaps out of all the lines of the poem, the line â€Å"mere anarchy is loosed upon the world†, is the line that gives the poem a political flavor. The inclusion of the word â€Å"anarchy† alone is almost enough to lead readers to the theme of politics. If the reader would read Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† during times of political instability, the reader could even generalize that the poem is basically about revolutions, insurgencies, activists, and the likes. The first line â€Å"turning and turning in the widening gyre† could simply mean that political instability is an ongoing trend in our societies. The second line â€Å"the falconer cannot hear the falconer† refers to the constituents of the tyrannical leadership. The people are refusing to hear the falconer’s [tyrant’s] commands. But Yeats had shown in this particular poem that he could be antirevolutionary. Yeats presents the consequences of a revolution â€Å"things fall apart; the centre cannot hold.† The picture that line paints in our minds is a typical picture of revolutions. That line could trigger images of dilapidated buildings, monuments and homes. That line basically refers to the chaos that revolutions could bring. The chaos that the poem had painted would be followed by the inclusion of the word â€Å"anarchy.† Then it would all be amplified by the line â€Å"the blood-dimed tide is loosed, and everywhere.† Yeats had also expressed his view on the topic of social classes in this poem. The last lines of the first paragraph â€Å"the best lack all conviction, while the worst / are full of passionate intensity† is begging the question: who are the â€Å"best† that are lacking conviction, and who are the â€Å"worst† that are full of passionate intensity? It is not unfamiliar to us that in discussions of social classes, categories are determined as either black or white. An individual could just either be rich or poor, educated and uneducated, and other determinants of social classes. It appears that Yeats’ view is that the privileged strata of the society is lacking faith and the working-class and medium-income part of the society are full of passionate intensity. This portrayal of Yeats is a common scenario in revolutions. The privileged part of the society seem to lack conviction when radical social change is about to happen. Yeats poem would lead the reader to the irony that the poor is the more active participant in the revolutions. That is despite the poor’s depressed and financially-lacking state. It seems that the common scenario in a revolution is that the rich is just standing in the background. That is just understandable as the rich and the poor would always think differently. As the poem says it â€Å"the best lack all conviction†, they do not want any part of the revolution. A likely reason is that they do not want to take part in the revolution is that because of the nature of the word revolution. Conclusion Yeats’ â€Å"The Second Coming† is certainly a controversial poem. Controversial not just because of it is a hybrid of free-verse and form, but also because of the themes that it generates. Nonetheless, the success of the poem is undeniable. The very evidences for that is its inclusion to many anthologies and publications. But the very testament of the poem’s success is that it continually calls controversy even up to this date. Moreover, the title â€Å"The Second Coming† is just aptly given to the poem. Just like the religious concept of the second coming of Christ, the poem also takes such mysterious quality. The â€Å"first coming† for the poem would be its first publication in 1920.   But as opposed to the religious second coming, the poem seems to reappearing again and again. It seems that the past and the future generations would still appreciate the poem for being one of the greatest poems ever written. nbsp;

The Differences Between the 18th Century and Contemporary Hospitality Essays

The Differences Between the 18th Century and Contemporary Hospitality Essays The Differences Between the 18th Century and Contemporary Hospitality Essay The Differences Between the 18th Century and Contemporary Hospitality Essay THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 18TH CENTURY AND CONTEMPORARY HOSPITALITY According to Ackroyd (Ackroyd, 2005), London hospitality took its origins in â€Å"public place of cookery† by the Thames in the 12th century. Then followed cook shops in the 16th century and eating houses, taverns or coffee shops, incredibly famous in the 18th. Without denying, London hospitality has undergone lots of changes to become what it is nowadays. Or has it? Are there real differences between modern and 18th century hospitality or are there mere changes of its forms? To begin with, contrary to what Ackroyd says, lots of authors consider the 18th century to be the birth of the hospitality in Britain. It could be due to different reasons. It was a time of great experimentation, political but also social. Great Britain was economically strong and the development of its middle class could not but contributed to this phenomenon. The technology discoveries participated greatly in the process with, for example, new technology of spirit distillation. The attitude to food had changed and the British begin to eat out socializing, showing off or just enjoying the food in a different place that is neither their home nor the one of their friends, colleagues, etc. One of these places was a coffee shop and it is still popular nowadays. One could find some in the Threadneedle Street, in St Martin’s Lane or at the corner of Pall Mall, convenient because of making it easy â€Å"to make appointments in any part of town† (Macaulay in Ackroyds, p. 320). They used to be the business places with certain clientele to be found in every one of them. Smoking fog, periodicals, bewiggered gentlemen, news and rumours were particular to these places. Nowadays we can still find independent coffee shops with character, for example, Bullet Cafe (according to the guidebook of London). They are rare. A much more recent phenomenon are the cafe chains such as Starbucks or Coffee Republique. They tend to have little or no character, being built in a corporate style and often serve as a spare meeting room for local offices. Still serving as a meeting place with news and rumours, they are frequented predominantly by women. Actually, that is one of the main changes that have emerged the presence of women who used to be excluded from any kinds of public places in the 18th century with the exception of tea shops. Only men used to frequent the coffee shops and only men used to eat out in eating-houses which â€Å"in the 18th century became known as beef houses or chop houses, together with taverns specializing in more formal or protracted food† (Ackroyd). The famous ones were Dolly’s Chop-house in Paternoster Row or cook-shops behind St Martin-in-the-Fields. The common food was meat. The recipes were not sophisticated with little influence of foreign cuisines. At least they pretended to be so, as you could find elements of French cuisine, for example, in the cookery books of that time. Nowadays due to globalisation and social changes including the customers’ behavioural changes, the situation is completely different. There exist a great number of any types of restaurants in London, serving food of five continents with the ingredients of all over the world. They are eager to satisfy the demand of any customer, looking for a traditional or exotic food, heavy or sane, â€Å"expensive† or â€Å"cheap†, fast food or haute cuisine. You can find all these different types of food in another form of hospitality that existed also in the 18th century but at that time with the food particular to that period – take away. Surprisingly, in London it seems like this niche is not dominated by the global chains like McDonalds or KFC, etc to the extent they do in other countries. There exist lots of local independent businesses offering traditional fish and chips or Patoka or Chinese food and they constitute an important part of the take away market. We could also speak about new concepts of hospitality that didn’t exist before, like theatre cafe or restaurants with live music, clubs or degustation menus. Summarizing it up, we can agree that there exist differences between the hospitality of the 18th century London and of the modern one. We can cite globalisation, emancipation of women, technological advances, new organisational and social models as ones of the reasons of these changes. Yet one thing probably has not changed – seeing food as a symbol of the society it belongs to and being particular to its characteristics, the reasons why people eat out and the extent they could enjoy it. The thing is that every time we are looking for something new, different, special and the hospitality just follows us.

Customs and Traditions of People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customs and Traditions of People - Essay Example In the three essays "Is Fast Food Responsible for a Crisis in Public Health ",''Do You Want Fries With That?" and "Pass The Butter, Please" they illustrate how the fast food harms our bodies. Fighting against the obsession, advertising is the reason behind the expansion of the fast food industry. The junk food has a lot of negative effects on health. In the essay "Is Fast Food Responsible for a Crisis in Public Health", the author illustrates many reasons for people’s obsession with the fast food and says that in the year 2008, about 65 per cent of the adult Americans were found to be obese. People consuming fast food have become overweight. In addition, several other habits such as drinking beer, eating sweets and not doing the physical work-out are also making people overweight and obese. It is not only the adults who have become overweight, but also a lot of children who frequently consume junk food in school have become overweight and have caught many diseases such as type 2 diabetes. The author says that children as young as six-year olds have become overweight, obese and have caught the diseases. In the Middle East, most people cook food at home throughout the week. The maids or the wives cook the foods at home. When it is the weekend, they either make a big tradition meal at home or go to some restaurant outside to eat. The children also eat the food cooked by the mothers or the maids at home most of the times. There in no lunch at school. People who live by themselves such as guys in Saudi Arabia rely on the fast food a lot, still the percentage of overweight and obese people in the Middle East is significantly lesser than that in America. In my case, I used to eat fast food a lot when I was in America, but when I returned to my country, I quit eating the fast food and spent my vacations trying out my mother's dishes. The rapid advertisement of the fast food sometimes makes it impossible for the people to revert to the home-cooked food. In Emily Rivera's essay "Do You Want Fries With That", the author explains how the advertisement of a new meal especially at a famous restaurant such as McDonald's affects people. In America, you can see the advertisements every where including on TV, billboards and on the internet. The prices are always low enough to attract the costumers. The advertising companies try to convince the American people to consume their products. For example, when the McDonald's restaurant advertises a new breakfast, it says that you should start a new day with the wonderful breakfast available at a low price. Logically, when somebody wants to save time in the morning and also save money, he/she would prefer buying the low-priced food from a restaurant rather than cooking relatively expensive food at home. Advertising companies always make the customers addicted to their products like fast food. People always get attracted to the idea of saving time and money and thus, eat the fast food. In the Middle East, th e fast food is not advertised everywhere like it is in America. However, you do see some advertisement in malls, weekly newspapers and on the TV. In addition, people usually have limited number of famous restaurants, though there are a lot of the local restaurants to choose from. In my case, sometimes I see some advertisement on the TV and buy the product. I enjoy it because I had prepared